Workshop 9 — “Take the A Train”: Dominant Color, ♯11, Secondary Dominants, and Writing Lines Through Static Harmony
This workshop changes the problem again.
Instead of constantly moving through ii–V packets, we’ll study what happens when the harmony stays in one place long enough that color becomes more important than destination.
“Take the A Train” is perfect for learning:
- dominant chords that do not immediately resolve
- secondary dominants used as color
- ♯11 sound
- Lydian-dominant thinking
- making melody over a chord that lasts several bars
- balancing chord-scale color with actual melodic ideas
- moving between tonic stability and dominant brightness
We’ll work conceptually in C major, which makes the underlying relationships easy to see.
9.1The central harmonic contrastA simplified conceptual skeleton is:9.2What would D7 normally do?D7 is normally:9.3Hear D7 first as a chordPlay:9.4Function versus colorA chord can have a functional identity:9.5The defining note is F♯In C major:9.6D7 notes by functionRelative to D:9.7D9Add E.9.8D13Add B.9.9D7♯11Now add:9.10Why ♯11 is interestingPlain 11 over D7 would be:9.11Practical voicingD13♯11:9.12Compact versionLH: D9.13The melody may supply the extensionSuppose melody note is:9.14Lydian dominantA useful scale for D7♯11 is:9.15Where does that scale come from?It is the 4th mode of:9.16Do not make the scale the musicThis is crucial.9.17Chord-tone hierarchyOver D7♯11:9.18Level 1 — play the tonic area simplyUse C6 or Cmaj7.9.19Level 2 — move to D7Play:9.20The bass is not moving by fifthThis is important.9.21Level 3 — compare Dm7 and D7Play:9.22Alternate Dm7 and D7Play:9.23Level 4 — shell voicingsFor Cmaj7:9.24Level 5 — add extensionsCmaj9:9.25Sustained dominant means you need melodic developmentIf D7 lasts several bars, you cannot depend on chord changes to create interest.9.26Static harmony exposes weak improvisationWhen chords change every two beats, the harmony can create excitement for you.9.27One-chord improvisation drillStay on D7 for four minutes.9.28Add ♯11 laterNow introduce:9.29The ♯11 should sound intentionalIf you simply land randomly on G♯, it can sound like a wrong note.9.30Example lineOver D7♯11:9.31Another lineC – B – G♯ – A – F♯9.32Repetition is your friendTake:9.33Rhythmic variation over static harmonySame notes:9.34Register developmentFirst two bars:9.35Level 6 — approach notesTarget F♯.9.36EnclosureTarget F♯:9.37Level 7 — resolve D7After the long dominant-color section:9.38Compare two D chordsD7:9.39Then ii–V–IDm7:9.40Voice-leading lineD7:9.41Another lineD7:9.42Level 8 — build the contrastYour arrangement should make two worlds distinct:9.43Change accompaniment pattern at D7For example:9.44Or change registerC section: middle register.9.45Or change voicing densityC: two-note shells.9.46Level 9 — melody as colorWhen melody sits over D7, identify each note:9.47Level 10 — improvise without changing scalesStay on D7♯11.9.48Then reduce to three notesUse only:9.49Then one noteUse only:9.50Level 11 — comping over static D7Do not hit D7 every beat.9.51Color rotationBar 1: D99.52But don't make every bar a theory demonstrationYou can also hold:9.53Upper structuresA useful advanced concept:9.54Try itLH:9.55Upper-structure thinkingInstead of thinking:9.56Why this mattersAdvanced voicings become easier when you organize them into familiar shapes.9.57Level 12 — voice leading between upper structuresStart D9:9.58Level 13 — bass pedalHold D in bass while RH changes among:9.59Dominant sus colorTry:9.60Sus to ♯11 is differentBe careful:9.61ExercisePlay:9.62Level 14 — secondary dominant chainD7 can lead to:9.63Hear the leading-tone chainD7:9.64Level 15 — reharmonization optionInstead of D7 → G7, try:9.65What is D♭7 doing?D♭7 is the tritone substitute for G7.9.66CompareFunctional:9.67Level 16 — melodic line through bothOver D7 → G7 → C:9.68Level 17 — ballad treatmentPlay the tune slowly.9.69Level 18 — swing treatmentAt medium swing:9.70Level 19 — bossa treatmentThe static D7 color also works beautifully with bossa rhythm.9.71Level 20 — 3/4 transformationRecast the tune into waltz time.9.72Level 21 — one-chord motif developmentFor 4 bars of D7:9.73ExampleMotif:9.74Level 22 — rhythmic displacementTake motif:9.75Level 23 — call and responseBar 1: short phrase.9.76Level 24 — top-note pedalHold B over several D7 voicings.9.77Level 25 — inner pedalKeep C, the ♭7, constant.9.78This is the core static-harmony lessonWhen a chord lasts:9.79Solo architecture over a static chordDon't think:9.80Four-bar D7 solo exerciseRestriction:9.81Another restrictionYou may use:9.82Ear drill — distinguish Dm7 vs D7Randomly play:9.83Ear drill — identify ♯11Play D7:9.84Ear drill — hear dominant destinationPlay D7.9.85Memory strategyDo not memorize:9.86Arrangement strategyMake the D7 section obviously different.9.87Reharmonization strategyBecause D7 is already unusual, resist adding many substitutes inside it.9.88Advanced voicing drillHold shell:9.89Advanced improvisation drillPlay four choruses over D7 only:9.90Advanced arrangement drillUse the same D7 section three times.9.91Final form conceptA strong performance can use:9.92Ending option 1Dm7 → G7 → C6/99.93Ending option 2Dm7 → D♭7 → C6/99.94Ending option 3F → Fm → C6/9•Homework — Workshop 9Alternate:•Workshop 9 mini-test1. Why is D7 unusual in C major?