20.2First listen for function, not chord name

Instead of asking:

Is this Dm or F?

first ask:

Does this sound like home, away, or tension?

Use the three-function model:

Tonic

rest/home

Usually: I, sometimes vi or iii

Predominant

movement/preparation

Usually: ii or IV

Dominant

tension wanting resolution

Usually: V, V7, vii°

This is much easier to hear than seven separate chord identities.